It's all about B.pharm

  Click here to download pdf  pelczar microbiology textbook pdf free download

      Absorption of drugs   Password to open pdf ; pharmapatnaik Click here to download   pdf of   absorption of drugs topic...

    BIOPHARMACEUTICS   Click here to SUBSCRIBE OUR CHANNEL FIRST TRIAL The textbook in telegram channel.    Click here to download  text book Click here for Human anatomy and physiology question paper click here for Vitamin B12- Biotechnology Click here for Cephalosporins topic Click here for penicillin topic Click here for Macrolides topic (this blog is for educational purpose only)

          V  I T A M I N - B 12 The disease , pernicious anemia,  characterized by low levels of hemoglobin , decreased number of erythrocytes and neurological manifestations, has been known for several decades. It was in 1926 some workers reported the liver extracts could cure pernicious anemia. The active principle was later identified as vitamin B12, a water soluble B-complex vitamin. Occurence Vitamin B₁2 is present in animal tissue at a very low concentration (e.g. 1 ppm in the liver). It occurs mostly in the coenzyme forms methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin. Isolation of vitamin B₁2 from animal tissues is very expensive and tedious. Chemistry Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) is a water soluble vitamin with complex structure. The empirical formula of cyanocobalamin is C63H90N14014PCO. The structure of vitamin B12 consists of a corrin ring with a central cobalt atom. The corrin ring is almost similar to the tetrapyrrole ring structure found in ...

 CEPHALOSPORINS Cephalosporin compounds were first isolated from cultures of Cephalosporium acremonium from a sewer in Sardinia in 1948 by Italian scientist Giuseppe Brotzu. He noticed that these cultures produced substances that were effective against Salmonella typhi, the cause of typhoid fever. Researchers at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at the University of Oxford isolated Cephalosporin C, which had stability to B-lactamases but was not sufficiently potent for clinical use. The cephalosporin nucleus, 7-Aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), was derived from Cephalosporin C and proved to be analogous to the penicillin nucleus 6-Amino penicillanic acid. Modification of the 7-ACA side-chains resulted in the development of useful antibiotic agents and the first agent Cephalothin was launched by Eli Lilly in 1964. Mode of Action: Cephalosporins are bactericidal and have the same mode of action as other B-lactam antibiotics (such as Penicillins). Cephalosporins disrupt the sy...

        PENICILLINS Penicillin refers to a group of beta lactum antibiotics used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible,usually Gram-positive organisms. History:         The discovery of penicillin is usually attributed to Scottish scientist sir Alexander Fleming in 1928,though others had earlier noted the antibacterial effects of penicillium .the development of penicillin for use as a medicine is attributed to the Adelaide born Nobel Laureate Howard Walter Florey .In march 2000, doctors of the San Juan de Dios Hospital in San Jose published manuscripts belonging to the Costa Rican scientist&medical doctor Clodomiro Picado Twiggy (1887-1944).The manuscripts explained Picado's experiences between 1915 and 1927 about the inhibitory actions of the fungi of genera penic. Apparently clorito picado had reported his discovery to the Paris academy of sciences in Paris,yet did not patent it,even though his investigation had star...

             ANTIBIOTICS  Macrolide: Macrolide antibiotics are produced by various strains of streptomyces. they have 3 common chemical characteristics. ✓ a large non-planar strain less ring. ✓ a keto group. ✓ a glycosidically linked amino sugar. Erythromycin Clarithromycin Azitromycin*                        ✓ Erythromycin, clarithromycin & Azitromycin comes under macrolides. ✓ All Macrolide Antibiotics have Lactone structures. ✓ Usually lactone ring has 12,14 or 16 atoms in it. STRUCTURE OF LACTONE: Erythromycin, clarithromycin & Azitromycin are similar in structure with small differences because of their 14&15 membered ring macrolides and also in placing of glucone moiety at 3 rd and 5 th positions . ERYTHROMYCIN: In erythromycin Hydrogen atoms in the OH group of 3rd and 5th positions is substituted with glucone moiety . 3rd position-OCH3       •  5th po...